Feed safety is a guarantee of animal food safety. The so-called feed safety usually means that the feed products (including feed and feed additives) do not contain toxic or harmful substances or factors that cause actual harm to the health of the animals and do not remain, accumulate and transfer in the cultured products; feed products and Aquaculture products produced using feed products do not endanger human health or have a negative impact on human living environment.
Feed Safety Status and Consequences In 2002, China's total meat production was 65.5 million tons, total poultry and egg production was 23.6 million tons, and total milk production was 13.5 million tons, ranking first in the world. However, the quality of our livestock products is not satisfactory, such as low lean meat rate, low water quality, poor flavor, large drug residues, and inadequate sanitation and disease control. Internationally, the mad cow disease ghost in the UK has been revived, causing the catastrophe in Europe. The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the UK has caused heavy losses in the livestock industry in the UK; the dioxin incident has caused the Belgian government to resign collectively; the Clenbuterol incident This has poisoned 17 people in Hong Kong and 63 people in Zhejiang. The outbreak of bird flu in Asia has caused many people to talk about "avian" discoloration. Whether it is in the past or in the future, the development of safe and efficient feed and aquaculture industry to provide consumers with healthy and high-quality livestock products has always been the fundamental and long-term economic growth point for livestock and livestock industry at home and abroad.
Residues and enrichment of harmful substances in feed and feed additives, bacterial infections, and drug resistance and ecological effects directly endanger human health; the application of additives such as high copper and high zinc, the extensive use of organic arsenic, resulting in the environment Serious pollution; foreign developed countries attach great importance to feed hygiene and safety, drug damage, and have banned more than 100 kinds of veterinary drugs, hormones, pesticides and insecticides. The safety of livestock and poultry products in China directly affects foreign exchange earning through exports, which restricts the further development of the aquaculture industry. The safety of feed products greatly affects the safety of animal and animal foods, and is related to the human living environment and self-safety. Therefore, feed safety has become a major problem for the feed industry in the current and future years.
Analysis of the causes of feed safety problems
Natural toxic and hazardous substances in feeds often contain one or more natural toxic and hazardous substances, such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, gossypol, tannins, protease inhibitors, phytic acid and toxic nitros in plant feeds. Compounds, etc.; histamine, anti-thiamine and avidin in animal feeds. These toxic and harmful substances can cause various harms and effects on the animal body. The lighter can reduce the nutritional value of the feed and affect the animal's production performance. In severe cases, the animal may cause acute or subacute poisoning, induce cancer, and even die.
Bio-contaminated feed (raw material) of feed may cause mildew and pollution of feed during storage, processing and transportation. For example, bacteria, mold, virus, toxoplasma and other pathogenic bacteria in feed may directly enter the digestive tract and cause digestive tract. Infection, infection-type toxic diseases such as salmonella poisoning. Some bacteria multiply in feed and produce bacterial toxins, bacterial toxin poisoning caused by the corresponding pathogenesis, such as bacterial exotoxin poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin. Metabolites such as mold and mycotoxins produced by the mildew process can deteriorate the sensory properties of the feed, such as irritating odor, abnormal color, viscosity, agglomeration, etc., resulting in a decrease in palatability of the feed. After the animal ingests the mold-contaminated feed, the mycotoxin and its metabolites can be detected in the liver, kidney, muscle, milk and eggs, thus causing animal food contamination.
Feed non-biological contamination A variety of chemical substances such as toxic heavy metals and non-metals, some organic or inorganic compounds can contaminate feed, seriously affecting the safety of feed. Excessive use of pesticides containing chlorides, chlorine-containing wastes such as plastics at temperatures below 850 ° C, pulp bleaching, chlorine cleaning agents and automobile exhausts during industrial smelting can produce dioxins, dioxins Particles can contaminate crops and accumulate in feed. Most of the pharmaceutical additives themselves have a strong toxic effect, which can be described as "a three-point drug." Such as penicillin potassium, cephalosporins and other large-scale use will induce the production of β-lactamase in vivo, causing the destruction of penicillin lactam structure and loss of activity, resulting in increased resistance of penicillin and cephalosporin; 痢特çµ, kanamycin Such drugs have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of B lymphocytes in animals, which can affect the immune effect of vaccines; sulfa drugs also impair renal function and hematopoietic system. High-copper preparations are widely used in pig feed. They not only promote the growth of pigs, but also blacken the feces and increase the commercial properties of pig feed. Some manufacturers not only add high copper to piglets and growing pig feed, but also use high-copper preparations in feeds such as finishing pigs and broilers, although they do not significantly improve production performance. Usually, the fattening pig feed contains 4×10-6 copper to meet the needs. When the copper content is too high, attention must also be paid to the supplement of iron and zinc. According to some data, when the copper content is as high as 250×10-6, the fat of the pig can be softened, which affects the shape of the carcass. The United States does not want to use high-copper formulations in feeds, and the UK limits copper to less than 160 x 10-6. Although China has not banned, it is stipulated that the maximum addition of copper in piglet feed should be less than 200×10-6, and other livestock and poultry should be less than 150×10-6. Due to the special commercial requirements of farmers for blackening of pig feed feces, it is difficult for ordinary farmers to not use high copper, but large pigs can be promoted in large pig farms without using high copper preparations. The addition of blood meal to the pig's feed also causes the pig's feces to become black and reduce the copper content. Many manufacturers use high-zinc preparations (zinc greater than 1000×10-6) in suckling pig feed, so that a large amount of zinc will be excreted with feces and cause environmental pollution.
The use of banned and eliminated drugs Clenbuterol (HCL-clenbuterol), the trade name is Kechuansu, Angusu, Clenbuterol, etc., it is a β-adrenergic agonist or nutritional redistributor, role It is to increase lean meat and reduce fat. Although it has been banned in China, there have been reports of Clenbuterol poisoning incidents. The addition of hormones as a growth-promoting agent in cattle feed has been around for many years, but in recent years, the EU believes that the consumption of hormone-containing beef may cause cancer or other serious diseases. This type of beef contains estradiol, progesterone, Testosterone, mycophenolate and other hormones can disturb the body's secretion, causing cancer and teratogenicity.
Unreasonable and abuse of antibiotics, failure to comply with the prescribed withdrawal period Before or during the sale, not only for veterinary drugs but also for pharmaceutical additives, and quite a few farms (households) use feeds containing pharmaceutical additives, but rarely The withdrawal period is implemented according to the regulations, and the usually prescribed 4-7 days withdrawal period is ineffective. Feel free to increase the amount of drugs. Due to the existence of drug resistance, the effect is not increased, and the effect is less and less obvious. That is, increasing the dose of the drug can enhance the effect, so it is generally excessively added, and sometimes the therapeutic amount is regarded as a long-term addition amount. The most common olaquindox poisoning is an example. Another example is when oxytetracycline is used to treat diseases, 0.1% can be added to the feed, usually 3-5 days. When used as a feed additive, it is 10-15 g / ton, often increasing the dose and adding it for a long time. Low level medication. This is not used, it should not be used. For example, the use of disinfectants, insect repellents, etc., is still in a very primitive state, and is not used when it is not onset. When it is sick, it abuses antibiotics and what is high-grade. Not only arbitrarily increase the dose, but also arbitrarily engage in compound preparations, and also use a large number of human medicines.
Potential risks of GM feed genetically modified feed: (1) Whether the gene will be transferred to plants or bacteria. (2) Direct anti-nutritional effects of genetically modified feed on humans and even animals. For example, anti-lectins (insect anti-nutritional factors) in wheat can exert anti-nutritional effects on rats. The backward management and incomplete inspection and monitoring systems all affect the safety of feed and feed additives. Although there are “feed hygiene standards†and “veterinary drug management regulationsâ€, they are obviously behind development. The "Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs" was issued more than ten years ago. It has great limitations in understanding, resulting in the isolation of management of feed, veterinary drugs, human medicine, food, etc., and many political and administrative issues. When it comes to the interests of various departments, they must fight for each other, win the battle, and do not manage the affairs of each department. They do not care about each other, and eventually cause a gap in management. On the surface, the profit motives of producers, operators and users, as well as various intentional or unintentional irregular behaviors, are the direct cause of the quality and safety of feed products in China at this stage. However, further analysis can be found that at present, China has a series of problems in the basic work of feed product research, in the development of feed industry and related industries, as well as in management systems and management methods, such as weak research and technology promotion. The development of feed industry and aquaculture industry lacks sufficient technical support; the situation of disorderly competition of production enterprises has not changed, the internal motivation of enterprises to improve product quality is insufficient; the disconnection of production, circulation and consumption has increased the risk of feed safety; The production mode of aquaculture, which is mainly free-range, has increased the difficulty of technical service and supervision; the industry and quality standard system are not perfect, the supervision, management and service functions need to be strengthened urgently; the work between departments and regions is not coordinated, and feed safety supervision Faced with serious institutional obstacles. All of this objectively contributes to the breeding of hazard to feed safety.
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