The impact of temperature on pigs is significant, as their ability to regulate body temperature is quite limited. Pigs have very few sweat glands and minimal hair coverage, making them highly sensitive to both heat and cold. As a result, pig houses must be well-insulated and equipped with an effective ventilation system to maintain optimal environmental conditions. The ideal temperature range should be carefully maintained to ensure the pigs feel comfortable and perform at their best. If temperatures fall outside this range, pigs may experience stress, which can lead to reduced feed efficiency and lower productivity.
When the ambient temperature ranges from 20°C to 28°C, growing pigs require an additional 209.2 kJ of energy per day for proper growth. However, when the temperature drops below 12°C, for each degree decrease, pigs need an extra 418.4 kJ of energy per day. This means that each pig could consume between 15 to 33 grams more feed daily. In a fully stocked barn, these small increases in feed consumption can add up significantly over time.
Temperature is a major factor influencing heat loss in pigs, but other environmental factors and the pigs’ own characteristics also play important roles in their thermal comfort. Several elements can increase heat loss, such as air movement, wet or dirty floors, poor insulation, and the consumption of large amounts of cool liquids. On the other hand, factors like providing bedding, increasing pig density, having sufficient subcutaneous fat, using radiant heat, and installing fixed partitions to control airflow can help reduce heat loss and improve thermal stability.
Monitoring pigs' behavior across different temperatures is essential to determine if they are comfortable. Observing their activity levels, breathing rates, and overall demeanor can provide valuable insights into their well-being.
Overcrowding is another critical factor affecting pig performance. When growing pigs are kept in crowded conditions, their feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency tend to decline. The severity of these effects depends on how tightly packed the pigs are and the quality of the environment.
Studies have shown that maintaining a lower population density in housing leads to better production performance and reduces aggressive behaviors such as tail biting and fighting. This not only improves animal welfare but also enhances farm productivity.
Good management practices also play a vital role in pig health and performance. In modern high-density farming systems, close human-animal interactions are common. These relationships can be complex and require careful handling. Research has shown that pigs that are regularly exposed to stressful or negative human interactions tend to be more fearful and less productive.
Positive human interaction with pigs can yield better results. Studies conducted in Australia have demonstrated that the way farm staff handle pigs directly affects their fear levels. Harsh treatment, such as slapping or kicking, can lead to increased stress and reduced growth rates. Conversely, gentle and consistent handling helps build trust and improves overall productivity. By treating pigs with care, farmers can create a more positive and efficient environment for both animals and workers.
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