Corrosion is a major concern for building metals, as it can significantly affect the structural integrity and longevity of materials. There are several common forms of corrosion that engineers and architects need to be aware of.
1. Uniform Corrosion: This occurs when the entire metal surface is corroded evenly, leading to a consistent thinning of the material. The annual average thickness loss is commonly used to measure the corrosion rate. For example, steel exposed to atmospheric conditions often experiences uniform corrosion.
2. Pitting Corrosion: This type of corrosion appears as small, localized pits on the metal surface, which can penetrate deeply into the material. It is often influenced by the type of metal and the surrounding environment. Chloride-containing media, such as seawater or de-icing salts, are known to promote pitting corrosion. In pipelines, pitting is a major concern due to its potential to cause leaks or failures over time.
3. Galvanic Corrosion: This happens when two different metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte. The difference in their electrochemical potentials leads to accelerated corrosion of the more active metal. Proper material selection and insulation are essential to prevent this kind of damage.
4. Crevice Corrosion: This form of corrosion occurs in tight spaces, such as joints, seams, or under gaskets, where the flow of air or water is restricted. Differences in oxygen concentration and chemical composition within these areas can lead to localized corrosion, weakening the structure over time.
5. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC): This occurs when a metal is subjected to both a corrosive environment and tensile stress. The combination can cause microcracks to form and propagate, potentially leading to sudden failure. High-strength steel reinforcements in concrete are particularly vulnerable to this type of corrosion, especially in aggressive environments like coastal areas.
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