Gray iron castings are widely used in general engineering applications, primarily for their tensile strength. These castings are categorized based on the tensile strength of different casting bars. Gray iron castings specifically designed for motor vehicles are suitable for sand casting and are commonly used in automotive, tractor, and related industries. One of the key factors in ensuring their performance is the hardness requirement.
When ordering gray iron castings for vehicles, the contract should include several important details. First, it should specify whether any special heat treatment is required. Second, the surface where the hardness test will be conducted must be clearly defined. Lastly, the desired depth of surface hardening and the corresponding surface hardness should be agreed upon.
The foundry must ensure that the castings meet the specified hardness range through proper control and inspection methods. Brinell hardness testing is typically performed according to ASTM E10 standards after removing a sufficient layer from the casting surface to ensure accurate readings. Unless otherwise stated, a 10 mm steel ball with a 3000 kg load is used. The location and area of the hardness measurement must be agreed upon between the supplier and buyer and marked on the drawing.
Below is a table showing the hardness ranges, Brinell indentation diameters (BID), and metallurgical descriptions for various gray iron grades:
| Brand | Hardness Range & BID (10 mm ball, 3000 kg) | Description |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| G1800 | HB187 max, 4.4 BID min or by agreement | Ferrite-pearlite |
| G2500 | HB170–229, 4.6–4.0 BID or by agreement | Pearlite-ferrite |
| G3000 | HB187–241, 4.4–3.9 BID or by agreement | Pearlite |
| G3500 | HB207–255, 4.2–3.8 BID or by agreement | Pearlite |
| G4000 | HB217–269, 4.1–3.7 BID or by agreement | Pearlite |
For heavy-duty brake hubs and clutch friction plates, the following grades and hardness requirements apply:
| Brand | Carbon, Min (%) | Casting Hardness & BID |
|-------------|------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| G2500a | 3.40 | HB170–229, 4.6–4.0 BID or by agreement |
| G3500b | 3.40 | HB207–255, 4.2–3.8 BID or by agreement |
| G3500c | 3.50 | HB207–255, 4.2–3.8 BID or by agreement |
Note: For alloy gray iron motor camshafts, the grade is G4000d, and the casting hardness is determined by mutual agreement. The hardness measured on the support surface should be between 241–2321 HB.
Whether you're an engineer, a manufacturer, or a buyer, understanding these specifications is essential to ensuring quality and performance. Always confirm all technical details before placing an order to avoid misunderstandings and ensure compliance with industry standards.
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**Tags:** Casting, Gray Iron, Pearlite, Indentation Diameter, Factory Shop
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