Analysis of the Three-level Structure of Railway Security Monitoring System

The railway video surveillance system is typically divided into two main components: the "Integrated Video Surveillance System" and the "CCTV Surveillance System." The Integrated Video Surveillance System functions as a subsystem within the broader "Communication Service Network" of the "Communication System." It is responsible for monitoring key areas such as station throat zones, inter-track sections, communication and signal rooms, traction power supply systems, and power supply rooms. On the other hand, the CCTV Surveillance System operates as a subsystem of the "Passenger Service System" under the "Information System," focusing on public areas like station plazas, platform entrances, waiting halls, and platforms. While these two systems are built separately, they are closely interconnected. The CCTV system primarily includes front-end cameras, rear-end display devices, video storage units, and video servers for managing video content. It is integrated into the comprehensive video monitoring system as part of the four-electric system integration project. A detailed explanation of the three-tier structure of the railway security system is shown in the figure below:


Detailed explanation of the three-tier structure of railway security system
Currently, the CCTV monitoring system in the railway sector refers to the standard video surveillance setup. Based on the operational model of railways, the network topology of the security system can be designed as a three-level tree structure. The first level consists of the railway bureau's monitoring center, acting as the central command hub. The second level involves monitoring stations at each individual railway station, while the third level represents independent monitoring points located at each station. The primary node, or the railway bureau's monitoring center, serves as the central control unit. It connects various railway systems and allows for selective access, control, and playback of video resources across different locations. This node usually includes workstations, directory data servers, and backup servers to manage critical video data. The secondary node handles video resources from each station under the railway bureau. It supports a large number of users who can control PTZ cameras, play back footage, and manage video streams. At this level, there are typically client workstations, storage arrays, streaming media servers, decoders, and video wall terminals—essential components that form the backbone of the system. A management server is also installed to reduce unnecessary equipment investment and simplify centralized authentication and management. The third-level node refers to individual monitoring points with widespread distribution. These nodes are responsible for capturing and encoding video signals. They are positioned at key locations such as traffic lanes, platforms, and turnouts, and often integrate additional security tools like fire detection, anti-theft systems, and intrusion alarms. **Security Technology Development Process** Since the inception of video surveillance technology, it has evolved through several stages: analog systems, digital systems, hybrid analog-digital systems, and finally IP-based network video surveillance systems. The IP network video surveillance system uses digital signals from image capture devices, transmits them over standard internet networks, and employs streaming media technology based on TCP/IP protocols to enable efficient video transmission over the internet. This system allows for real-time video streaming, alarm handling, and centralized control, including command, scheduling, storage, and authorization. Compared to traditional local digital monitoring systems, the IP network video surveillance system offers advantages such as fast computer processing, resistance to signal interference, easy and quick query capabilities, clear video quality, and the ability to display multiple images on a single screen. Additionally, it leverages broadband network capabilities to connect monitoring points across vast areas into a unified, integrated system, meeting modern demands for remote, real-time, and centralized control. This system mainly consists of front-end video capture devices, video transmission media, central servers, and monitoring workstations (clients). Currently, most railway video surveillance systems use IP-based solutions, providing a unified platform for monitoring at railway stations, along tracks, in vehicle production safety, and for infrastructure-related video surveillance.

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