Modern metal cutting tool materials have evolved from carbon tool steel and high-speed steel to today's superhard tool materials such as cemented carbide and cubic boron nitride, which have increased the cutting speed from a few meters per minute to kilometers or even 10,000 meters. With the continuous development of CNC machine tools and difficult-to-machine materials, tools are hard to fight. Good tool materials are required to achieve high speed cutting, dry cutting, and hard cutting. Tool materials play a decisive role in many factors affecting the development of metal cutting.
High-speed steel high-speed steel has been in existence since 1900 to 2000. Although various super-hard materials have emerged, it has not been able to shake the dominance of its cutting tools. After 2000, cemented carbide has become the "natural enemy" of high-speed steel, which is continuing. Constantly eroding the market share of high-speed steel tools, but for some tools such as thread cutters and broaching tools that require high toughness, high-speed steel can still compete with hard alloys and even have obvious advantages.
According to statistics from relevant parties, in 2004 China produced 78,000 tons of high-speed steel, accounting for almost 50% of global production, and produced about 2.5 billion pieces of tools, of which nearly 2 billion were exported. In 2005, the national high-speed steel output was 83,000 tons, of which low-alloy high-speed steel (tungsten equivalent 6% to 12%) accounted for about 40%. The production and sales of cutting tools were similar to those in 2004. From the overall situation analysis, the most prominent contradiction at present is the vicious expansion of low-end products, and the shortage of high-end products, or high-end failure, low-end melee, if freely developed, the position of high-speed steel tools in the field of cutting will only become more and more Low, even quit, to hand over the market to foreign countries.
People used to divide high-speed steel into four categories:
General Purpose High Speed ​​Steel (HSS)
HSS represented by W18Cr4V has been brilliant for a century, and has made outstanding historical contributions to China's tool industry. However, due to many drawbacks, it has gradually faded out of the market; the market share of M2 steel has been from the 1990s. 60% to 70% dropped to the current 20% to 30%; 9341 is China's self-developed HSS, with a market share of about 20%, and other HSS production such as W7 and M7 are relatively low. HSS has accounted for more than 60% of the total high-speed steel. Due to the excellent toughness and high wear resistance and red hardness of HSS, in the field of tools such as taps and broaches, a site will be firmly held, but the position will be reduced year by year.
High performance high speed steel (HSS-E)
HSS-E is a steel grade in which alloy elements such as Co and Al are added to the HSS component, and carbon content is appropriately increased to improve heat resistance and wear resistance. The red hardness of this kind of steel is relatively high. After 625 °C × 4h, the hardness is still above 60HRC, and the durability of the tool is 1.5~3 times that of the HSS tool.
The output of HSS-E represented by M35 and M42 is increasing year by year. 501 is a high-performance high-speed steel produced in China. It is widely used in forming milling cutters and end mills, and it is also successful in complex tools. Due to the rapid development of CNC machine tools, machining centers, and highly difficult-to-machine materials, HSS-E tool materials are gradually increasing.
Powder high speed steel (HSS-PM)
Compared with smelting high speed steel, the mechanical properties of HSS-PM are significantly improved. Under the same hardness conditions, the strength of the latter is 20% to 30% higher than that of the former, and the toughness is increased by 1.5 to 2 times, which is very common in foreign countries. In the 1970s, China developed a variety of HSS-PMs and put them into the market, but somehow they died. Now the materials used in various tool factories are imported. It is gratifying to note that Heye Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly Hebei Metallurgical Research Institute) has been able to produce HSS-PM and supply it in small quantities with good results.
Due to the depletion of resources and the excellent comprehensive performance and market demand of HSS-PM itself, HSS-PM will definitely make a big progress.
Low alloy high speed steel (DH)
Due to the increasing supply of alloy resources, the need for a set of twist drill exports and low-speed cutting tools, steel mills and tool factories jointly developed DHs of various grades such as 301, F205 and D101. In 2003, China produced 60,000 tons of high-speed steel, of which 20,000 tons of DH accounted for 1/3 of high-speed steel. In 2004, DH accounted for 40% of high-speed steel. In 2005 and 2006, it still showed growth momentum. However, there is a lot of water, some of which are not high-speed steel at all, and the hardness is less than 63HRC, which is also marked HSS.
The cemented carbide machinery manufacturing industry needs the business philosophy of “high precision, high efficiency, high reliability and specializationâ€. In the field of modern tool manufacturing and use, the concept of “efficiency first†has replaced the traditional “performance price ratioâ€. The old concept, this change cleared the way for the development of high-tech, highly efficient tools.
Cemented carbide not only has high wear resistance, but also high toughness (compared to super-hard materials), so it is widely used, and it is still the most widely used tool material in the future. As can be seen from previous Machine Tool Expos, carbide indexable tools cover almost all types of tools. With the development of science and technology and the advancement of cutting tool technology, the performance of cemented carbide has been greatly improved: first, the development of a 1~2μm fine-grained cemented carbide to improve toughness; secondly, the development of coated cemented carbide. Compared to high-speed steel tools, the market share of cemented carbide coated tools has increased even more, because high strength is more important under high temperature and high speed cutting parameters.
Modern cutting tools, hard alloys show their strength, looking forward to the future, tool materials are undoubtedly the world of hard alloys.
Superhard tool material Superhard material is a general term for materials with high hardness represented by diamond. Although there is no strict regulation on the category of superhard materials, it is customary to refer to materials with diamonds and hardness close to diamond hardness as superhard materials.
Diamond Diamond is the hardest material found in the world. Diamond tools have high hardness, high wear resistance and high thermal conductivity. They are widely used in non-ferrous metals and non-metal processing, especially in high-speed machining of aluminum and silicon-aluminum alloys, such as car engine blocks and cylinder heads. In the processing of gearboxes and various pistons, diamond tools are hard to replace the main cutting tools. In recent years, due to the popularization of CNC machine tools and the rapid development of CNC machining technology, the application of diamond tools that can achieve high efficiency, high stability and long life processing has become increasingly popular. Diamond tools are now and in the future important tools that are indispensable for CNC machining.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN)
Cubic boron nitride is an isomer of boron nitride. Its structure is similar to that of diamond. Its hardness is as high as 8000-9000 HV, its heat resistance is 1400 °C, and its wear resistance is good. The polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) developed in recent years is a polycrystalline material that sinters fine CBN particles through a bonding phase under high temperature and high pressure, and is suitable for hardened steel (45~65HRC) and bearing steel (60). ~64HRC), high-speed steel (63~66HRC), rough and refined chilled cast iron, and capable of high-speed machining of high-temperature alloys, thermal spray materials, hard alloys and other difficult-to-machine materials.
Ceramic Tools Ceramic tools are one of the most promising tools and have attracted the attention of the world tool industry. In industrially developed Germany, about 70% of the processing of castings is done by ceramic tools, and the annual consumption of Japanese ceramic tools accounts for 8% to 10% of the total tool. Due to factors such as CNC machine tools, high-efficiency and non-contaminating cutting, and hard materials to be processed, the tool materials must be updated. The ceramic tools are in line with the trend, and continue to reform and innovate. Add 20%~30% SiC crystal liquid to the Al2O3 ceramic matrix. Made of whisker toughened ceramic material, SiC whisker acts like steel bar in reinforced concrete, it can become an obstacle to block or change the direction of crack propagation, and greatly improve the toughness of the tool. It is a promising future. Tool material. In order to improve the toughness of pure alumina ceramics, a metal content of less than 10% is added to form a so-called cermet. Such tool materials have strong vitality and are moving forward with strong momentum, and may become a tool material in the future. New family member.
The main raw materials for ceramic knives are Al2O3, SiO2, carbides, etc., which are the most abundant resources in the earth's crust. There is no source of raw materials for developing such tools. Therefore, the development of applied ceramic knives has important strategic significance and far-reaching historical significance.
Due to the rapid advancement of cutting machine tools and cutting technology, the tools are forced to be passively synchronized. The development trend of tool materials is toward high efficiency, high speed and long life. In the development of various tool materials, cemented carbide (including coated cemented carbide) stands out; HSS will shrink further; HSS-E will increase slowly; HSS-PM will make great progress; DH will continue to expand and disrupt the market. However, the good times are not long; the super-hard tool materials have broad development space and will continue to expand the application ratio. The formation of cemented carbide as the main line, the various materials have unique advantages and applications, but also develop, compete with each other, and replace each other with the overall pattern .
High-speed steel high-speed steel has been in existence since 1900 to 2000. Although various super-hard materials have emerged, it has not been able to shake the dominance of its cutting tools. After 2000, cemented carbide has become the "natural enemy" of high-speed steel, which is continuing. Constantly eroding the market share of high-speed steel tools, but for some tools such as thread cutters and broaching tools that require high toughness, high-speed steel can still compete with hard alloys and even have obvious advantages.
According to statistics from relevant parties, in 2004 China produced 78,000 tons of high-speed steel, accounting for almost 50% of global production, and produced about 2.5 billion pieces of tools, of which nearly 2 billion were exported. In 2005, the national high-speed steel output was 83,000 tons, of which low-alloy high-speed steel (tungsten equivalent 6% to 12%) accounted for about 40%. The production and sales of cutting tools were similar to those in 2004. From the overall situation analysis, the most prominent contradiction at present is the vicious expansion of low-end products, and the shortage of high-end products, or high-end failure, low-end melee, if freely developed, the position of high-speed steel tools in the field of cutting will only become more and more Low, even quit, to hand over the market to foreign countries.
People used to divide high-speed steel into four categories:
General Purpose High Speed ​​Steel (HSS)
HSS represented by W18Cr4V has been brilliant for a century, and has made outstanding historical contributions to China's tool industry. However, due to many drawbacks, it has gradually faded out of the market; the market share of M2 steel has been from the 1990s. 60% to 70% dropped to the current 20% to 30%; 9341 is China's self-developed HSS, with a market share of about 20%, and other HSS production such as W7 and M7 are relatively low. HSS has accounted for more than 60% of the total high-speed steel. Due to the excellent toughness and high wear resistance and red hardness of HSS, in the field of tools such as taps and broaches, a site will be firmly held, but the position will be reduced year by year.
High performance high speed steel (HSS-E)
HSS-E is a steel grade in which alloy elements such as Co and Al are added to the HSS component, and carbon content is appropriately increased to improve heat resistance and wear resistance. The red hardness of this kind of steel is relatively high. After 625 °C × 4h, the hardness is still above 60HRC, and the durability of the tool is 1.5~3 times that of the HSS tool.
The output of HSS-E represented by M35 and M42 is increasing year by year. 501 is a high-performance high-speed steel produced in China. It is widely used in forming milling cutters and end mills, and it is also successful in complex tools. Due to the rapid development of CNC machine tools, machining centers, and highly difficult-to-machine materials, HSS-E tool materials are gradually increasing.
Powder high speed steel (HSS-PM)
Compared with smelting high speed steel, the mechanical properties of HSS-PM are significantly improved. Under the same hardness conditions, the strength of the latter is 20% to 30% higher than that of the former, and the toughness is increased by 1.5 to 2 times, which is very common in foreign countries. In the 1970s, China developed a variety of HSS-PMs and put them into the market, but somehow they died. Now the materials used in various tool factories are imported. It is gratifying to note that Heye Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly Hebei Metallurgical Research Institute) has been able to produce HSS-PM and supply it in small quantities with good results.
Due to the depletion of resources and the excellent comprehensive performance and market demand of HSS-PM itself, HSS-PM will definitely make a big progress.
Low alloy high speed steel (DH)
Due to the increasing supply of alloy resources, the need for a set of twist drill exports and low-speed cutting tools, steel mills and tool factories jointly developed DHs of various grades such as 301, F205 and D101. In 2003, China produced 60,000 tons of high-speed steel, of which 20,000 tons of DH accounted for 1/3 of high-speed steel. In 2004, DH accounted for 40% of high-speed steel. In 2005 and 2006, it still showed growth momentum. However, there is a lot of water, some of which are not high-speed steel at all, and the hardness is less than 63HRC, which is also marked HSS.
The cemented carbide machinery manufacturing industry needs the business philosophy of “high precision, high efficiency, high reliability and specializationâ€. In the field of modern tool manufacturing and use, the concept of “efficiency first†has replaced the traditional “performance price ratioâ€. The old concept, this change cleared the way for the development of high-tech, highly efficient tools.
Cemented carbide not only has high wear resistance, but also high toughness (compared to super-hard materials), so it is widely used, and it is still the most widely used tool material in the future. As can be seen from previous Machine Tool Expos, carbide indexable tools cover almost all types of tools. With the development of science and technology and the advancement of cutting tool technology, the performance of cemented carbide has been greatly improved: first, the development of a 1~2μm fine-grained cemented carbide to improve toughness; secondly, the development of coated cemented carbide. Compared to high-speed steel tools, the market share of cemented carbide coated tools has increased even more, because high strength is more important under high temperature and high speed cutting parameters.
Modern cutting tools, hard alloys show their strength, looking forward to the future, tool materials are undoubtedly the world of hard alloys.
Superhard tool material Superhard material is a general term for materials with high hardness represented by diamond. Although there is no strict regulation on the category of superhard materials, it is customary to refer to materials with diamonds and hardness close to diamond hardness as superhard materials.
Diamond Diamond is the hardest material found in the world. Diamond tools have high hardness, high wear resistance and high thermal conductivity. They are widely used in non-ferrous metals and non-metal processing, especially in high-speed machining of aluminum and silicon-aluminum alloys, such as car engine blocks and cylinder heads. In the processing of gearboxes and various pistons, diamond tools are hard to replace the main cutting tools. In recent years, due to the popularization of CNC machine tools and the rapid development of CNC machining technology, the application of diamond tools that can achieve high efficiency, high stability and long life processing has become increasingly popular. Diamond tools are now and in the future important tools that are indispensable for CNC machining.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN)
Cubic boron nitride is an isomer of boron nitride. Its structure is similar to that of diamond. Its hardness is as high as 8000-9000 HV, its heat resistance is 1400 °C, and its wear resistance is good. The polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) developed in recent years is a polycrystalline material that sinters fine CBN particles through a bonding phase under high temperature and high pressure, and is suitable for hardened steel (45~65HRC) and bearing steel (60). ~64HRC), high-speed steel (63~66HRC), rough and refined chilled cast iron, and capable of high-speed machining of high-temperature alloys, thermal spray materials, hard alloys and other difficult-to-machine materials.
Ceramic Tools Ceramic tools are one of the most promising tools and have attracted the attention of the world tool industry. In industrially developed Germany, about 70% of the processing of castings is done by ceramic tools, and the annual consumption of Japanese ceramic tools accounts for 8% to 10% of the total tool. Due to factors such as CNC machine tools, high-efficiency and non-contaminating cutting, and hard materials to be processed, the tool materials must be updated. The ceramic tools are in line with the trend, and continue to reform and innovate. Add 20%~30% SiC crystal liquid to the Al2O3 ceramic matrix. Made of whisker toughened ceramic material, SiC whisker acts like steel bar in reinforced concrete, it can become an obstacle to block or change the direction of crack propagation, and greatly improve the toughness of the tool. It is a promising future. Tool material. In order to improve the toughness of pure alumina ceramics, a metal content of less than 10% is added to form a so-called cermet. Such tool materials have strong vitality and are moving forward with strong momentum, and may become a tool material in the future. New family member.
The main raw materials for ceramic knives are Al2O3, SiO2, carbides, etc., which are the most abundant resources in the earth's crust. There is no source of raw materials for developing such tools. Therefore, the development of applied ceramic knives has important strategic significance and far-reaching historical significance.
Due to the rapid advancement of cutting machine tools and cutting technology, the tools are forced to be passively synchronized. The development trend of tool materials is toward high efficiency, high speed and long life. In the development of various tool materials, cemented carbide (including coated cemented carbide) stands out; HSS will shrink further; HSS-E will increase slowly; HSS-PM will make great progress; DH will continue to expand and disrupt the market. However, the good times are not long; the super-hard tool materials have broad development space and will continue to expand the application ratio. The formation of cemented carbide as the main line, the various materials have unique advantages and applications, but also develop, compete with each other, and replace each other with the overall pattern .
Cheap lip gloss tube,Empty Lip Gloss Tube,Plastic Lip Gloss Tube,Lip Gloss Tube
Anda Aluminum Co., Ltd. , http://www.chinacosmeticbeauty.com