Transformers first emerged at the end of the 19th century, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of electrical systems. As the power industry grew, so did the demand for more efficient and accurate voltage regulation. This led to continuous improvements in transformer design, performance, and application.
Over time, transformer technology has advanced significantly, with enhanced accuracy levels and specialized designs tailored for various applications. Examples include voltage and current composite transformers, DC current transformers, high-precision current and voltage ratio devices, and high-current laser transformers. Other innovations include electronic compensation transformers, photoelectric transformers used in ultra-high voltage systems, and voltage and current transformers integrated into SF6-insulated gas switchgear (GIS). These developments are essential for meeting the growing needs of modern power systems in terms of measurement, protection, and control.
The use of new materials has also driven the development of various transformer types, particularly electromagnetic transformers, which have been extensively refined. Core-type current transformers, available in dry, oil-immersed, and gas-insulated versions, have proven adaptable to evolving power infrastructure requirements. However, as power transmission capacities increase, and grid voltages continue to rise, traditional core-type transformers are beginning to show limitations. Their large size, susceptibility to magnetic saturation, ferromagnetic resonance, limited dynamic range, and narrow operational bandwidth make them less suitable for the demands of modern power system automation and digital networks.
In response to these challenges, many developed nations have turned their focus toward optical sensing technologies and electronic methods to create next-generation current transformers known as photoelectric or electronic current transformers. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has already established standards for such devices. Electronic transformers encompass not only photoelectric transformers but also a wide range of voltage and current sensors that leverage electronic measurement principles, offering greater accuracy, reliability, and adaptability for future power systems.
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