Photovoltaic power generation is based on the "photovoltaic effect." When light, in the form of photons, strikes a material like metal, some electrons within it absorb the energy. If the energy is sufficient, the electron can overcome the binding force of the metal and escape as a photoelectron.
This process starts with the conversion of light into electricity. When light hits a semiconductor, especially at a junction between different materials, it creates a voltage difference. This is similar to building a dam—once the two sides are connected, an electric current flows through the circuit. This is how solar panels generate electricity from sunlight.
The core principle of photovoltaic systems lies in the behavior of semiconductors. A silicon atom has four valence electrons. When doped with elements like phosphorus (which has five electrons), it becomes an N-type semiconductor, carrying a negative charge. On the other hand, doping with boron (which has three electrons) creates a P-type semiconductor, which carries a positive charge. When these two types are joined, they form a PN junction, which is the heart of a solar cell.
When sunlight shines on the PN junction, photons excite electrons, causing them to move from the P-side to the N-side, while holes move in the opposite direction. This movement generates an electric current. The process begins with raw silicon being melted, cooled into ingots, then sliced into thin wafers. These wafers undergo doping to create the PN junction. Then, silver paste is screen-printed onto the surface to form conductive grid lines, which help collect the generated electricity. After sintering, an anti-reflective coating is applied to improve efficiency.
These individual cells are then connected in series or parallel to form a module. The module is encased in an aluminum frame, covered with tempered glass on the front, and sealed on the back. Additional components like inverters and batteries are needed to convert DC to AC and store energy. In a typical system, solar panels make up about half the cost, while inverters, installation, and other parts account for the rest. Overall, photovoltaics offer a clean, renewable way to generate electricity using the sun's energy.
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