In recent years, the feeding of rural livestock has shifted from roughage to concentrate (grain). To make the most of these concentrated feeds and maximize their nutritional value, proper preparation is essential. Below are several effective methods for processing feed.
**First, Crushing and Grinding**
Hard grains such as barley, corn, and sorghum need to be crushed or ground before being fed to animals. These hard-shelled grains are often not fully digested by livestock, leading to waste as they pass through the digestive system. By crushing or grinding them, the feed becomes easier for animals to chew, increases the surface area for better contact with digestive enzymes, and improves nutrient absorption. Additionally, it makes mixing with other feeds more convenient. The degree of grinding should vary depending on the type of animal being fed.
**Second, Soaking**
Soaking is commonly used for oilseed meals. Soaked feed is easier to chew and digest, especially for pigs and poultry. The water used in soaking contains various nutrients, which should be included in the final feed mixture to ensure no valuable components are lost.
**Third, Cooking and Roasting**
Cooking and roasting are ideal for soybean-based feeds. These methods enhance the utilization of proteins and starches. Roasting also gives the feed a pleasant aroma, improving its palatability and increasing the appetite of the animals, thus encouraging higher feed intake.
**Fourth, Saccharification**
Saccharification is suitable for starch-rich feeds. During this process, starch is converted into dextrin and maltose, increasing the sugar content from 1% to up to 10%. This results in a sweeter taste, making the feed more appealing to animals.
**Fifth, Fermentation**
Fermentation is widely used in pig and cattle farming. It involves using microorganisms naturally present in the feed or adding yeast to break down carbohydrates under optimal temperature, humidity, and air conditions. This process produces lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol, resulting in a fermented feed that has an aromatic and slightly sour flavor. Fermented feed not only improves palatability but also enhances the digestion and absorption of crude protein, while boosting the levels of B vitamins. Moreover, it contributes positively to the health of the animals and the overall efficiency of feed utilization.
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