There are three causes of nutritional metabolic diseases: 1 insufficient intake of nutrients, insufficient diet or lack of certain nutrients in the diet. 2 nutrients are digested and absorbed, and cannot be fully utilized. 3 too much demand for nutrient conversion. This article focuses on the first reason, and discusses the granulating granularity of the main feed corn and soybean meal in the diet. Feed processing is closely related to animal nutrition. Quality products require scientific formula design and processing together. Appropriate comminution particle size has a great impact on the nutritional value of feed, the efficiency of farmers, the market share of feed products and the prevention of metabolic diseases. The author surveyed 12 breeder farms, 11 laying hens, 8 broiler farms and 5 pig farms in Qidong City and Haimen City, Jiangsu Province. The main feed corn of breeders and laying hens has a geometric average grain size of 3.5 mm. The coarseness reached 5.2 mm, the geometric average particle size of the corn in the broiler farm was 3.1 mm, and the geometric average particle size of the corn in the medium and large pigs was 1.3 mm, both exceeding the ideal crushing size. Such conditions are very common in the region, seriously affecting the performance of livestock and poultry, and some lead to the occurrence of nutritional metabolic diseases.
Some chicken farmers in Qidong and Haimen used premix to prepare full-price feed for broiler chickens. Due to the large size of corn granules, some broilers had uneven growth of feathers on the back, weak legs, and soft and curved tendons. Increase the proportion of unqualified commercial chickens. The reason is: 1 person provides the conditions for the chicken to "eat the rough material habit first". 2 Due to the excessive particle size, the digestion is insufficient and the effective absorption rate of nutrients is lowered. 3 The nutrients achieved theoretically are lost unconsciously and are generally not valued by the owner. A broiler farm in Yonghe Town, Qidong City, used too much corn, artificially provided the conditions for the chicken to “eat the raw material firstâ€, resulting in insufficient intake of amino acids, vitamins and trace elements in some chickens. Hair and anus injury accidents, especially chickens with large food intake and fast growth. Later, the pulverization particle size of the feed ingredients was improved, and the problem was quickly solved. The optimum pulverization particle size of the feed refers to the geometric average particle size of the animal that has the maximum utilization of the feed, the best production performance, and does not affect the animal health and economy. Appropriate feed particle size can increase the chance of digestive enzymes or microbial action in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal, improve the digestion and utilization rate of the feed, reduce the loss of nutrients and the excretion of animal feces and environmental pollution; Uniform texture, effectively prevent uneven mixing of powdered ingredients; can improve feed preparation and ripening, improve granulation and extrusion; facilitate animal feeding, reduce feed waste, and facilitate storage and transportation.
So how big is the crushing size? Comprehensive domestic and international relevant information, as follows:
Piglets
Foreign researchers compared the effects of crushing average barley 634 and 767 micron barley and 623 micron sorghum pigs. The results showed that fine barley increased 5% in daily gain compared to coarse barley. Domestically, the use of shredder sieves for the processing of suckling pigs is generally 1.5 to 2.0 mm, and the average particle size is about 0.7 to 1.0 mm, which can be further reduced. Studies have shown that the same formula of the pig feed, when the corn and soybean meal are crushed, the crusher sieves with diameters of 4.5, 3 and 2.5 mm are respectively crushed to make three full-price pellet feeds for feeding 23 kg. Binary and ternary pigs of weight (with local pig pedigree) were compared. The results showed that the compound feed which was firstly pulverized with a diameter of 3 mm was used, and under the same conditions, the test group was increased by 10.1% compared with the test group with 4.5 mm sieve hole, which was 9.6% higher than that of the control group with 2.5 mm sieve hole; The apparent protein digestibility of the test group with a 3.0 mm diameter sieve was 8.1% and 7.9%, respectively, compared to the 4.5 and 2.5 mm mesh groups. The results of this test are slightly different from those of foreign trials. The foreign test pigs have a feed size of 600 microns or less, while Wang Weiguo et al. test a particle size of 1500 microns (approximately 3 mm of the mesh). Reasons for the difference: mainly due to the different varieties of the test pigs, the pig resistance of the domestically tested pigs is stronger than that of the foreign varieties. In the domestic book "Combined Feed Encyclopedia", the crushing size of the pig feed is required to be 1.00 mm or less. Based on domestic and international data, it is recommended that the crushed size of corn and soybean meal should be 0.6-1.0 mm, not more than 1.5 mm (see pig type). The mesh diameter is greater than the product pulverization geometric mean particle size, which is approximately 2:1 when roughly controlled.
Growing fattening pig
Studies have shown that within a certain particle size range, as the grain size of the grain is appropriately reduced, the conversion rate or weight gain efficiency of the feed is improved. Feeding pigs with corn having a particle size ranging from 1200 to 400 microns reduced the average particle size by 100 microns and provided a weight gain ratio of 1.3%. Considering that the particle size is too small, it will cause gastrointestinal damage in pigs. It is recommended that the optimum granulation size of the grain is 500-600 microns. Some people in China also advocate 1 mm. Based on the above information, the authors suggest that the crushing size of corn and soybean meal should be 500-600 microns, not more than 1000 microns (considering pig factors).
Sow
Moderate fine comminution of the grain in the diet can also improve the growth performance of the sow. In one study by the researchers, 100 sows were smashed into four sizes (1200, 900, 600, 400 microns) of comminuted corn, and the results showed that the grain size was reduced. Both dry matter digestibility and nitrogen digestibility were improved, digestion energy increased by about 14%, litter weight gain increased by 11%, and fecal dry matter removed by 21%, and nitrogen emissions decreased by 30%. To this end, it is recommended that the optimum grain size of the grain in the sow feed is 500-600 microns and does not exceed 1000 microns.
Broiler
Studies have shown that the maximum average weight gain and feeding conversion rate of grain pulverization in broiler diets is 0.7-0.9 mm, and the particle size is too large. Studies have shown that compared to the geometric mean particle size of 0.9 mm, the body weight and feed conversion ratio of broilers decreased when the particle size was between 1.47 and 1.75 mm. According to the results of the study, the pulverizer screen diameters of the broiler in the early and middle stages were about 1.6 mm and 2.2 mm. Domestic relevant information requirements: chicken feed size is less than 1 mm, medium chicken is less than 2 mm. Based on the above information, it is recommended that the pulverized grain size of the broiler feed should be 0.8 to 1.1 mm. There is little research on the crushing size of laying hens in laying hens. According to the book “Compound Feed Daquan†published by Qingdao Haiqi University Press in 1996, the requirements for the crushing size of raw materials are: chicken 1.0 mm, medium chicken 2.0 mm or less. , into chicken 2.0 ~ 2.5 mm. Wang Weiguo and others believe that the average grain size of the laying hens in the early, middle and laying stages can be 0.7 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.3 mm. The reason is that the digestive function of the laying hens is weak, the growth is strong, the grain size requirements are similar to those of the broilers, and there are Strong digestion ability. Based on the above information, the author suggests that the raw material should be crushed to a particle size of 0.7 to 0.8 mm in the early stage of the laying hen, 1.0 to 1.5 mm in the middle of the laying hen, and 1.5 to 2.0 mm in the laying period. All in all, only scientific and reasonable feed crushing particle size can enable livestock and poultry to obtain the expected full-price nutrition, in order to improve feed compensation and prevent feed waste, in order to enhance the disease resistance of livestock and poultry and prevent the occurrence of metabolic diseases. The author hopes that through the discussion in this article, the farmers with similar phenomena will be inspired.
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