The modern intensive pig industry is doing a good job in disease prevention and control, using pigs with excellent genetic performance, using advanced equipment and advanced management system. At the same time, there is a key factor that cannot be ignored, that is, it is inseparable from rational, comprehensive and balanced. Feed nutrition and nutrition, otherwise it is difficult to achieve healthy farming and obtain the desired economic benefits. At present, there are many kinds of feed ingredients for pigs, the production areas are different, and the effective nutrients are also uneven. The variety of premixes is complex and uneven. Whether it is raw materials or premixes, quality and safety problems in any link will seriously affect the normal production and operation of pig farms, affecting the health of pigs and causing adverse consequences. According to the actual production experience, the analysis of feed nutrient factors and control strategies affecting the growth and development of pigs at different stages is summarized as follows, and is recommended for pig farmers.
First, the factors affecting the quality of raw materials and its countermeasures
First of all, we must strengthen the quality awareness of feed ingredients. The most basic requirement is: no matter what feed ingredients are required to be fresh, not adulterated, no mold, deterioration, no toxic and harmful chemicals. Several main raw materials are analyzed as follows:
1 corn
Corn is the most abundant raw material in pig production, accounting for 60%-70% of the formula. It is the main best energy feed.
There are two kinds of early maturing and late maturity. The early maturing corn is round, the top is smooth, bright and hard, rich in horny and contains a lot of protein; the late-maturing corn is flat, the top is concave, the light brightness is poor, and the protein content is low. Because corn is rich in starch and high in crude fat content, corn is the most important high-energy raw material needed for raising pigs. The following points are noted:
1 When harvesting, the corn kernels are broken, which can cause the reduction of nutrients and even the production of toxins. Because these corn kernels are often highly polluted, it is necessary to reduce or avoid grinding and rat mites during harvesting or storage. Insect bites and other phenomena, maintaining the integrity of its epidermis.
2 When harvesting, the corn kernels stored without drying are prone to mold and deterioration, which affects the feeding effect. In severe cases, zearalenone can cause sham sensation in sows, cause reproductive failure, and seriously affect the growth of finishing pigs. Under normal circumstances, in the storage process, the moisture of corn should be controlled below 14%, and pay attention to pest control, stored in a dry, ventilated, cool environment to avoid mold.
3 corn used for raising pigs, in order to prevent mold, use corn every other year instead of fresh corn. Because old corn has low moisture content and high nutritional value. Try to choose northeast corn, especially in Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
2 bran
The bran is composed of a small part of endosperm, seed coat, embryo, etc. after processing. The crude fiber content is high and the energy value is low; the crude protein content is high, reaching 13%-16%; the B vitamin content is high. Therefore, in addition to being a source of energy and nutrients, it is more important that its physical properties are relatively loose. In order to regulate the nutrient concentration in the pig diet and change the heavy nature of the large amount of concentrate, the bran can play an important role. In addition, the bran also has a laxative nature, and the postpartum sows can adjust the function of the digestive tract by giving an appropriate amount of bran. When using bran to feed pigs, you should pay attention to:
1 The bran is easily degraded and cannot be fed to the herd after deterioration. Because the deteriorated feed seriously affects the digestive function of the pig, it causes diarrhea in severe cases, which affects the growth and reproductive performance of the pig.
2 In the compound feed, too much bran can not be added. Because of its high water absorption, too much bran in the feed can cause constipation in pigs. Bran should be added according to the size of the pig.
3 The crude fiber is high and the energy value is low. The appropriate addition amount should be considered for different pigs.
3 soybean meal
Cardamom is a by-product of soybean oil extraction. Soybean contains 36.2% crude protein, 16.1% crude fat, and soybean meal contains 42%-48% crude protein. The content of peeled soybean meal is high, which is the main protein raw material for pig production. Key points to note:
1 As a raw material for protein feed, in the compound feed, the content of soybean meal should be determined according to the different growth stages and growth requirements of the pig, and the amount should not be too high or too low. It should be determined according to different stages and groups of pigs. Dosage.
2 According to the protein content of soybean meal itself, the percentage of the compound feed in the feed is appropriately adjusted.
3 The soybean meal used in each batch should be tested. One is to test whether there is adulteration, sometimes it may be mixed with other miscellaneous meal in the soybean meal. The second is to check the protein content and the solubility of potassium hydroxide to ensure the availability of soybean meal. And effectiveness.
4 pay attention to the disadvantages of anti-nutritional factors. The color of soybean meal is mainly light yellow. If it is too deep, it is too ripe. If it is too shallow, it will be over-produced. Over-cooked or over-produced soybean meal will reduce its utilization rate and affect the normal growth needs of pigs.
4 fish meal
Fishmeal is a high-quality animal protein feed, which is also a category of energy concentrates. Because of its high protein content, good amino acid quality, balanced content, and growth-promoting factors, the use value and price are high. The pig industry mainly uses the characteristics of its protein feed. In addition, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the fish meal is also abundant, which can effectively supplement the deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the feed. Points to note:
1 When buying fishmeal, first test its purity. Due to the high price and high profit of fishmeal, many fishmeal have adulteration, mainly with hydrolyzed feather powder, leather powder or inorganic nitrogen, and some adulteration rates are as high as 70%-80%. Such fishmeal is difficult to check by measuring the protein content by conventional methods. It is best to send it to an authoritative and experienced testing institution for testing. Microscopic examination is a good method.
2 Not all the mixed feeds need to be added with fishmeal, which should be added according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of saving cost and increasing production effect.
3 When purchasing fishmeal, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of “one point for one priceâ€. If you don't need it, use fish powder with guaranteed quality if you use it.
5 other raw materials
Cotton aphid, rapeseed meal, sesame meal, peanut meal, alcohol dregs, rice bran, etc. These raw materials are not important, can be used or not, and can be used appropriately when considering the feed cost alone.
Second, the additive premix and the full-price feed quality of the factors and countermeasures
1 additive premix feed
Feed additive is a variety of trace components added to the compound feed. The main function is to balance the full price of the compound feed, improve its feeding effect, promote animal growth and prevent diseases, reduce the loss of nutrients during feed storage and improve pigs. Product quality, improve economic efficiency. Types include amino acid additives, trace element additives, vitamin additives, enzyme preparations, mildew inhibitors, flavoring agents, and the like. Most pig farms now use 2%-4% composite premix to formulate full-price feed. Key points to note:
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