é’ª(Sc)
In 1879, Swedish chemistry professors LFNilson (1840~1899) and Clive (PTCeve, 1840~1905) found a new element in rare mineral silicon germanium or black gold ore. They named the element "Scandium" (é’ª), which is the "boron-like" element that Mendeleev had predicted. Their findings once again prove the correctness of the periodic law of the elements and the foresight of Mendeleev.
Compared with lanthanum and actinides, cesium has a particularly small ionic radius, and the alkalinity of hydroxides is particularly weak. Therefore, when cerium and rare earth elements are mixed together, they are treated with ammonia (or very rare alkali). Precipitation, so it is relatively easy to separate it from rare earth elements by applying the "staged precipitation" method. Another method is to use the fractional decomposition of nitrate for separation, since cerium nitrate is most easily decomposed to achieve the purpose of separation.
The metal ruthenium can be obtained by electrolysis. When smelting, ScCl3, KCl, and LiCl are eutectic, and the molten zinc is used as a cathode for electrolysis, so that cerium is precipitated on the zinc electrode, and then the zinc is distilled off to obtain a metal ruthenium. In addition, it is easy to recover strontium when processing ore to produce uranium, plutonium and actinides. The comprehensive recovery of associated strontium in tungsten and tin mines is also an important source of strontium. The ruthenium is mainly in the trivalent state in the compound, and is easily oxidized to Sc2O3 in the air to lose the metallic luster to become dark gray.
The main uses of cockroaches are:
(1) It can release hydrogen with hot water and is also soluble in acid. It is a strong reducing agent.
(2) The oxides and hydroxides of cerium are only alkaline, but their salt ash is hardly hydrolyzed. The chloride of bismuth is white crystal, soluble in water and deliquescent in the air.
(3) In the metallurgical industry, niobium is commonly used in the manufacture of alloys (alloys of alloys) to improve the strength, hardness and heat resistance and properties of the alloy. For example, adding a small amount of bismuth in molten iron can significantly improve the performance of cast iron, and a small amount of bismuth can be added to aluminum to improve its strength and heat resistance.
(4) In the electronics industry, germanium can be used as a variety of semiconductor devices. For example, the application of bismuth sulfite in semiconductors has attracted attention at home and abroad. Ferrite containing germanium is also quite common in computer cores. future.
(5) In the chemical industry, a high-efficiency catalyst for producing ethylene and producing chlorine with waste hydrochloric acid by using a hydrazine compound as an alcohol dehydrogenation and dehydrating agent.
(6) In the glass industry, special glass containing bismuth can be produced.
(7) In the electric light source industry, sodium xenon lamps made of barium and sodium have the advantages of high efficiency and positive color.
(8) The natural sputum is in the form of 45Sc. In addition, there are 9 kinds of radioactive isotopes, namely 40～44Sc and 46～49Sc. Among them, 46Sc is used as a tracer and has been used in chemical, metallurgical and oceanographic fields. In medicine, there are still people studying abroad to use 46Sc to treat cancer.
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Label: Rare earth elements
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